HISTORY

                               (Part - 1)        Indus Valley Civilization in India                             -   Important Harappan Sites   Ancient Civilization in India The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus and the Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and north-western India. Among other names for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa. An alternative term for the culture is Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization,  based on the fact that most of the Indus Valley sites have been found at the Halkra-Ghaggar River. R.B. Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa(on Ravi) in 1921. R.D.Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or 'Mound of the Dead'(on Indus) in 1922.  Sir John Marshal played a crucia...

                       Chalcolithic period : The end of the Neolithic Period saw the use of metals of which copper was the first. A culture based on the use of stone and copper arrived. such a culture is called Chalcolithic which means the Stone copper phase. Apart from stone tools,  hand axes and other objects made of copper were also used. The Chalcolithic people used different types of pottery of which black and red pottery was most popular. It was wheel made and painted wth white line design. These people were not acquainted with burnt bricks. They generally lived in thatched houses. It was a village economy. They venerated the mother goddess and worshiped the bull. Important sites of this phase are spread in Rajasthan,  Maharashtra,  West Bengal,  Bihar,  MP etc.

The History of Neolithic Era (6000 BC - 1000 ) In India Neolithic Age is not earlier than 6000 BC and at some places in South and Eastern india; it is as late as 1000 BC During this phase people were again depending on stone implements. But now they used stones other than quartzite for making tools, which were more lethal, more finished and more polished.  Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and corn like ragi and horse gram. They domesticated cattle, sheep and goat.   They knew about making free and making pottery, first by hand and then by potters wheel. They also painted and decorated their pottery. They lived in caves and decorated there walls  with hunting and dancing scenes.  They also knew the art of making boats. They could also weave cotton and wool to make cloth.  In the later phrase of Neolithici phase people led a more settled life and lived in circular and rectangular houses made of mud In India Neolithic Age is not ea...

       The Mesolithic Era History (8000 BC-6000 BC) In this age,  climate became warm and dry climate changes brought about changes in fauna and fora and made it possible for human beings to move to new areas since then,  major changes in the climate. The characteristic tools of the Mesolithic Age are known as Microliths-pointed,  cresconic blades,  scrapers,  etc all made of stone. The people lived on hunting,  fishing and food gathering,  at a later stage they also domesticated animals.   The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plane cultivation. Various Mesolithic sites are found in the Chhotanagpur region,  Central India and also south of the Krishna River.          In the Belan valley of Vindhyasi all the three phases of the Paleolithic followed by the partofthe en by the Neolithic have been found in sequence Similar is the case with the middle Narmada valley Histor...